Basic LINUX commands

History of Unix:-
=================

1960+

 AT&T - Bell Labs
 IBM
 Sun
 Project MAC
 MIT                  

 MULTICS - Main Frames

 Developer "C" re-wrote using "C"   => UNICS

 AT&T   UNIX
 BSD    UNIX
 SVR4   UNIX

 ANSI
 POSIX

Unix Flavours:-
===============
 IBM - AIX
 Sun - Solaris/SunOS
 HP  - HP-UX


Rewrote Unix for PC-ARCH - LINUX

Linux Distributions:-
======================
Redhat - Linux  
Suse   - Linux
Ubuntu - Linux
Mandrake Linux
Cent OS
Fedora Project   ( open source )


Unix Arch:-
===========
H/w
Kernel  = Memory/Device/File/Process/Network
Application  & Core Utils
Shell - 

Unix Shells
 Bourne Shell - sh
 Korn Shell   - ksh  ( default Shell )
 C Shell      - csh

Linux shell
 Bourne Against Shell  (bash)  (default shell)


Major Feature offered by the shell
  1) User Interface
  2) Command Processing


How will i know, am i using unix/linux ?
----------------------------------------
   uname
   uname -a

Display the current shell name ?
--------------------------------
   echo $0

to display all the installed Shells:-
-------------------------------------
   cat /etc/shells

to display the arch type ie 32/64 bit:-
---------------------------------------
   arch

to display the CPU information:-
--------------------------------
   cat /proc/cpuinfo

to display the OS name:-
------------------------
   cat /proc/version
   OR
   cat  /etc/redhat-release

to display u r user id:- ( Effective userid)
------------------------
   id
 
Unix Users:-
=============
   root          - sys admin
   group owner   - Group admin
   end user      - app user/developers

Unix Files:-
============
   Ordinary File
   Directory File
   Block Device File
   Char Device File
   FIFO Files
   Socket File
   Symbolic Link Files


Login Sequence:-
================
  1) Login Shell
  2) Password shell -
  3) Auth   -  /etc/passwd     (user infor is stored )
               /etc/shadow     (actual password is stored)
  4) Create a Terminal
  5) Execute a Global Shell Script  ie /etc/profile
  6) Execute a User Specific Shell Script ie .profile
  7) Shell Prompt

Note:
User Specific Shell Script depends upon ur default SHELL
 if ur default shell is ksh then profile is ".profile" 
 if ur default shell is bash then profile is ".bash_profile"
 if ur default shell is csh then profile is ".login"


General Commands:-
==================
 whoami - display login name 
 who    - display all the logged user details
 finger - display real name of the user
 date   - display the & time
 cal    - display calendar
 ls     - list the files
 ps     - list the processes
 pwd    - print working directory
 clear  - clear the screen

1) cal can display calendar from year 1 to 9999
2) cal  8  1947
3) cal  1752
4) cal -j
5) date +%D
6) date +%T
7) date +"%d %m %y"
8) date +"%H %M %S"
9) ls -l
   ls -a  display hidden files & normal files
   ls -i  display the inode numbers
   ls -p  display dir with suffixed with (/)
   ls -lt

10) ps -l


Unix Help Pages:-
================= 
  man command
  info command

ex:
  man date

File Operations:-
=================

How to create a file:-
----------------------
  cat  >  one.txt
  type the data
  which will be stored
  in one.txt
  cntrl + D

How to view the contents of the file:-
--------------------------------------
  cat  one.txt
 
How to delete the file:-
-------------------------
  rm  one.txt

How to rename a file:-
-----------------------
  mv  one.txt  new.txt

File System:-
=============
 Unix - UFS
 AIX  - JFS
 Sun  - ZFS
 Linux- EXT4FS



/dev  - stores all the device drivers
/bin  - external OS Commands
/usr  - installed s/w or libs
/lib  - Standard "C" libaray
/home - each users working directory will be under this dir
/boot - kernel image
/sbin - sys admin commands
/temp - universal read write for any user
/proc - stores kernel data structure info
/var  - variable size - logfile,mails,webserver
/mnt  - default mount points to external storage devices
/root - default working directory for sys-admin


How to display the IP-Address of the Server:-
---------------------------------------------
 ifconfig
 or
 /sbin/ifconfig


See Later:
  Sticky Bit
  Set UID/Set GID Bit


Dir Operations:-
================

>> mkdir  dirs  - create a directory

>> rmdir  dirs  - remove Empty Directories

>> rm -ir  dir  - remove Non-Empty Directory

>> cd  dir      - change the directory

   cd  path
   cd  ..    = move to parent directory
   cd  /     = move to root directory
   cd        = move to users home directory
   cd ~      = move to users home directory
   cd -


PAth:-
=======
  Absolute path - starts from root directory i.e  /
  Relative path - starts from current directory

Copy Commands:-
===============
  cp  filename/s  directory


1) There is a file named "one.txt" in /root  directory
   & we are in /root directory.
   copy this file from current directory to "B" directory

  cp  one.txt  temp/progs/SCR/A/B
  cp  one.txt  ./temp/progs/SCR/A/B
  cp  one.txt  /root/temp/progs/SCR/A/B

2) we are in /root/temp/progs/Java/app & there is a 
   file named "new.txt" copy this file to /root directory

   cp  new.txt  ~
   cp  new.txt  /root
   cp  new.txt  ../../../../../


3) There is a file named "two.txt" in /root/temp/progs/C/lib
   & we are in /root/temp/progs/Cpp/old
   copy this file to the current directory

   cp /root/temp/progs/C/lib/two.txt  .
   cp ~/temp/progs/C/lib/two.txt  .
   cp ../../C/lib/two.txt   .


Q1) When i copy a file does the file attributes change ?
    yes

    file attributes should not be changed ?
    cp -p  filename  dir

Q2) Can i copy a Directory ?
    yes

    Ans:  cp -r  Dir1  Dir2


Move Commands:-
===============
  mv  filename/s  directory


Q3) Can i move a directory ?
    yes
    mv  Dir1  Dir2

IF "Dir2" does't exists what happens ?
IF "Dir2" already exists what happens ?


Changing the file access permission:-
=====================================
who can change the permission of a FILE
  >> owner
 >> root
 >> group owner


  chmod  ugoa +/-/= rwx   filename

Symbolic method:-
-----------------
 chmod  u+x  new.txt
 chmod  u-r  new.txt
 chmod  u=rw  new.txt
 chmod  a+x  new.txt


 chmod  +t   directory   ( Set Sticky Bit )
 chmod  u+s  filename    ( Set SUID Bit )

Octal method:-
--------------

set read/write for the owner
set read & Execute for grp
set read for others

chmod  654  filename


How to change the permission of all the file & Dir
 chmod  -R  741  dir


umask


Only root user can issue these cmds:-
=====================================
 to change the owner of the file:  chown
 to change the group of the file:  chgrp


==============================================================
Linking Files:-
===============
 Hard Link:-
 -----------
  ln  one.txt  two.txt

 works with Inode Number

 Soft Link:-
 -----------
  ln  -s   one.txt    file1

 works on the filename

=============================================================
I want to know which all the files are linked to 
one.txt

$ ls -l  one.txt

-rwxr--r--r--  25  root  root  2 may 19:32  one.txt

=============================================================
 Search for a file in UNIX
     locate  filename
     find & xargs

Find Command:-
==============
 >> search for the file based on file attributes
 >> recursive
options     actions
-------     -------
type of file   -type  f/d
permissions    -perm  777  -ls    long list
owner          -user  username  -print print path
group          -group groupname  -exec  
size           -size  1G   -1G  +1G -ok   
date & time    -mtime  1  +1  -1
name           -name

find  path  -options   -action
Delete all .tmp file from FS
 find /  -type f  -name "*.tmp"  -exec rm {} \;
 OR
 find / -type f  -name "*.tmp" | xargs rm

Copy all .txt files to directory /tmp/user1 from my login
 find ~ -type f -name "*.txt" -exec cp {}  /tmp/uuser1 \;

Long list all the file size > 1GB
 find ~  -type f  -size +1G  -ls

Display all the executable .sh files in my login
 find ~  -type f -perm u+x0  -name "*.sh"

display all the directories which has full permission in FS
 find  /   -type  d   -perm  777

search for all a.out files & grant execute perm for all
 find / -type f -name "a.out" -exec chmod a+x {} \;

Note:

difference b/w -exec &  -ok action
 -exec is non-interactive
 -ok   is interactive

=============================================================
Command Piping:-
================
 Cmd1 | Cmd2 | Cmd3


Unix Filters:-
==============
 wc   = word count

 wc one.txt
 wc -l one.txt    (display only lines)
 wc -w one.txt    (display only words)
 wc -c one.txt    (display only chars)

See later
 wc -L one.txt   
 wc -b one.txt

Examples:-
==========
who | wc -l
ls | wc -l
ls *.txt | wc -l


 more display the output page by page ( interactive cmds ) 
 less display the output page by page ( interactive cmds )

  ls -l | more  - go only forward
  
  ls -l | less  - move forward/backward
  
Note: type "q" to quit out of less command

 head  - u need to select from the top of the file
   
   head -n5  one.txt
   head -5 one.txt
   head -1 one.txt


  head -c1

  tail -c1

 tail  - u need to select from the bottom of the file

   tail -n5  one.txt
   tail -5 one.txt
   tail -1 one.txt


Note:
  echo "Hello"    - last char is \n
  echo -n "Hello" - there is no "\n" at the last


Note:  tail -f  some.log   ( Interactive command )
                           ( Dynamic Link b/w file & Console)


-------------------------------------------------------------
 sort

  sort  emp.txt   ( First col based on ASCII order )

  sort -k2 emp.txt ( second col -ASCII)

  sort -k3 emp.txt ( third col -ASCII)

  sort -n  -k4 emp.txt ( fourth col -NUMERIC - asc order)

  sort -n -r -k4 emp.txt ( fourth col -NUMERIC - desc order)

  sort -t"|" -n -r -k4  newemp.txt
 
  -b         ignore multiple spaces
  -n         numeric sort
  -r         reverse order
  -k2        sort on second field
  -t "char"  specify the delimiter, if it is other than space
  -o file    output will be captured in said "file"

-------------------------------------------------------------
 cut - Extract fields or chars

 cut -options  filename

 -c'n'    cuts char by char
 -f'n'    cuts field by field
 -d char  specify the delimiter if it is other than TAB


ex
  echo "Hello" | cut -c1
  echo "Hello" | cut -c1-3
  echo "Hello" | cut -c1,3

ex:
  echo "a=b=c=d" | cut -d"="  -f2

  cut -d" " -f4  emp.txt

-------------------------------------------------------------
 tr = translate from one form to another form


 ex:
    echo "a,b,,,c,,,d" | tr -s "," | cut -d"," -f3

 ex:
    date +%T |  tr  ":"  " " | wc -w


1) Display the emp-name who is drawing highest salary

2) Display the emp-name & his salary of who is drawing
   lowest salary

3) display the mtime of a directory named "new"

4) display the name & size of the file "emp.txt"

5) from ls *.txt  display only the filename without extension

6) from ls *.* output display only extensions of the filename


-------------------------------------------------------------
 paste

  cat  emp.txt  new.txt

  paste  emp.txt   new.txt
 
  cut -d" " -f1 emp.txt  >  a.txt
  cut -d" " -f2 emp.txt  >  b.txt
  paste b.txt  a.txt  > temp.txt

-------------------------------------------------------------
Text Editor:-
=============

                     Editors  

 Interactive editors           Non-interactive editors

  vi/vim     sed
  emacs      ed


Diff modes in Vi editor:-
-------------------------
 Command Mode
 Insert/Append Mode
 Replace Mode
 Colon Mode
 Visual Mode


To open a vi editor:-
---------------------
   vi  filename 
  

To Save & Exit the vi editor:-
-------------------------------
   ESC :wq!
   ESC :wq
   ESC :x   (truncate)

To Quit Without saving:-
------------------------
   ESC  :q!

To Save the Changes:-
---------------------
   ESC  :w


Try these commands only in command mode:-
-----------------------------------------
Deletion commands:-
-------------------
      dd   - delete the current line
  'n' dd   - delete n lines from the current line

Cut & paste:-
-------------
  ndd  - cut 'n' lines  
  np   - paste 'n' times
  nP   - paste 'n' times

Copy & paste:-
-------------
  nyy  - copy 'n' lines  
  np   - paste 'n' times
  nP   - paste 'n' times

Find a text within a file:-
----------------------------
 /text   - find from top to bottom
 ?text   - find from bottom up 

 n       - find next
 N       - find previous

 to remove the highlight
  :set nohlsearch

Search & replace a word in a file:-
-----------------------------------
 :%s/hello/hai/gi    ( without confirmation )

 :%s/hello/hai/gic   ( with confirmation )

 :1,20 s/hello/hai/gi ( apply for first 20 lines )

 :20,$ s/hello/hai/gi ( from 20th line to End Of File )


Set the line number:-
---------------------
   :set  nu

Reset the line number:-
-----------------------
   :set nonu

You want to goto a specific line:-
----------------------------------
   :1


:abbr in  india

:colorscheme  blue
:colorscheme  default


How to work with multiple files:-
---------------------------------
1) vim  1.txt
2) :vsplit 2.txt 
   :split 3.txt
  :split 4.txt

3) cntrl + W  up/down/left/right
   (move from one window to another )

4) :wqa  ( Save & Exit All  )
 

=============================================================
 join

   join -1 1  -2 1  data.txt  dep.txt

note:
 pre-req both the files should be sorted
 based on appro merge field


=============================================================
 uniq :- to extract duplicates / uniques  from a file
         file should be sorted

 Syntax:
           uniq  -options  filename
  
            -u  display only uniques
            -d  display only duplicates
            -c  display count of repeatations
 

extract the dept field from emp.txt
& 
then sort it
& 
then uniq -c

cut -d" " -f2 emp.txt | sort | uniq -c


1) each user has logged how many times ?

 who | cut -d" " -f1 | sort  | uniq -c

2) Command to find how many files & how many firs are there
 
 ls -l | cut -c1 | sort | uniq -c

3) how many files are there with each extension

 ls *.* | cut -d"." -f2 | sort | uniq -c

=============================================================
Regex-Metachars

  .     =  a character  
  []    =  range of chars
  ^     =  line starts with
  $     =  line ends with
  *     =  zero/more
  ?     =  zero/one
  +     =  one/more
  {m,n} =  repeatative operator
  |     =  alternative



varun
arun
tarun

[vt]?arun


matching
match

 match(ing)?


singing
ringing
hanging
   (si|ri|ha)nging

pre-sales
pre sales
presales

 pre[\- ]?sales


presales
cashsales
creditsales
  
   (pre|cash|credit)sales


line ends with odd no
 [13579]$


line starting with other than number
 ^[^0-9]


line starts with "a"
followed by zero/more any char
line ends with "a"

  ^a.*a$


user enters date
   dd-mm-yy
   dd-mm-yyyy

  ^[0-9]{1,2}-[0-9]{1,2}-([0-9][0-9]){1,2}


hari
haari
haaari

    ha{1,3}ri


hari
haari
haaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaari
(there is not limit for "a")

 ha+ri
 ha{1,}ri
 haa*ri


 line ends with $

 \$$



presales
pre sales
pre  sales
pre   sales
(unlimited spaces )

  pre *sales


============================================================
grep   - supports only BREs
egrep  - supports BREs & EREs 
fgrep  - doest support REs


syntax:
    grep -options  "pattern"   filename

    -i   ignore case
    -n   display the matching line number
    -c   display how many lines are matched
    -w   match exact words
    -v   display all the line which does't match the pattern

1) display all the emps working for sales dept ?
    grep -iw "sales"  emp.txt

2) How many emps are not working for sales dept ?
    grep -viw "sales"  emp.txt

3) display all the emps working for sales or accts dept ?
    egrep -iw "(sales|accts)"  emp.txt
   
4) from ls -l output display only the directories ?
     ls -l | grep "^d"

5) grep "a"  *.*  matching filenames
   I Dont need the file contents

    grep -l "a" *.* 

6) from /etc/passwd file display my default shell
                                    and home directory
   grep "^root:" /etc/passwd | cut -d":" -6,7
 
7) from who output display users working on termianl
   pts/1 pts/3  pts/5

    who | grep -w "pts/[135]"

8) display the blank lines with line number

    grep -n  "^$"  sample.txt

=============================================================
 cmp - compares two file contents char by char
       and stops when it finds a difference

   cmp  file1  file2

 output will at which line & which byte there was difference

=============================================================
 diff - code reviews

    diff file1  file2

 displays all the differences b/w two files
  ie  a - added
      d - deleted
      c - changed

=============================================================
 comm  - commonality b/w two columns
       - it should be sorted

  comm file1  file2

 output will be in three columns

  first column unique in the first file
  secnd column unique in the secnd file
  third column common b/w two files


=============================================================
 tee pipe

>>  C1 | C2 | C3  | tee out.txt  |  C4
 
>>  sort emp.txt  |  tee out.txt

=============================================================
Process related Commands:-
==========================
 What is a process ?
 >> program under execution is termed as process
 >> if we execute a command, os creates a process

Start a Foreground  :  Command
Start a BAckground  :  Command  &

How to terminate a process:  kill PID     or Cntrl + C
How to KILL A process     :  kill -9 PID
  
How can start a process which indepdent of a TERMINAL ?
  nohup sh sam.sh > out.txt  &

How to start a process with lower priortity
  nice -19  sh sam.sh  &

==============================================================
Shell Scripts:-
===============

 ENV variables:-
 -----------------
   echo $PATH
   echo $SHELL
   echo $TERM
   echo $PS1
   echo $LOGNAME
   echo $HOME
   echo $PWD

How to set the path
   PATH=$PATH:/home/user1/project/bin


SPECIAL VARIABLEs:-
-------------------
   echo $$  # display the PID of the current process
   echo $!  # display the PID of the last background process
   echo $?  # display exit status of last process

Note:
 when $? is 0 then previous process was sucess
      $? is Non-Zero then prev process has failed


User Defined Variables:-
------------------------
   Numeric variable
     a=10     # valid

     a = 10   # invalid
     a= 10    # invalid
     a =10    # invalid

   Non-Numeric variable
     name='hari prasad'


Output statement in a shell script:-
------------------------------------
  echo "statement"
  echo 'statement'  # WYCWYG

Input statement/get a value from the keyboard:-
------------------------------------------------
  read  a

  read a b


My First Shell SCript:-
=======================
  1) script name should have an extension as ".sh"
  2) first line of ur script should 
     #! interpreter path
  3) script should have execute permission


prog2.sh
=========
#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter your name : "
read  name
echo "Welcome to Shell Script $name"
echo "       PID  = $$"  # display the PID of current shell
echo "Script name = $0"  # script name

Diff ways of executing the shell script:-
==========================================
 Method1:  bash  prog2.sh
           or
           sh  prog2.sh
 
 Method2 :   ./prog2.sh
 
============================================================

Write a shell script  ie  "prog3.sh"

to accept the First filename from the user
to accept the Second filename from the user

u have to create a duplicate copy of first file
with name as second file

then display the contents of first file
then display the contents of secnd file

sol:
  echo "Enter the first filename : "
  read file1
  echo "Enter the second filename : "
  read file2

  cp  $file1  $file2

  echo "first file contents are "
  cat $file1

  echo "Second file contents are "
  cat $file2


prog4.sh:-
==========
Write a script
>>to accept two filenames from the user
>>compare them char by char
>>then display was it sucess/failure

sol:
  echo "Enter the first filename : "
  read file1
  echo "Enter the second filename : "
  read file2

  cmp  $file1  $file2  > /dev/null  
                       # cmp is a command to compares 
                       # two files char by char
                           
                       # > /dev/null is to suppress the output

  echo "Result = $?"   # display 0 on sucess
                       # display non-zero on failure

I dont want any descrption
=============================================================
Prog5.sh:-
==========
 WRite script to 
   >>accept the filename from the user
   >>then display number of lines in that file

Note:
 u r program should display only no of lines
 but not the filename

sol:
 
  wc -l $fname | cut -d" "  -f1
  OR
  cat $fname | wc -l


I want the commands output to be captured in a shell
variable
 Command substitution
 
  lines=`wc -l $fname | cut -d" "  -f1`
  echo $lines

prog6.sh:-
==========
 Write a script to accept two filename from the user
 find how many lines are there in first file
 find how many lines are there in secnd file
 if the both the file have same no of lines
   display "Equal"
 else
   display "UnEqual"


prog7.sh:-
==========

echo "Enter the file1 : "
read f1
echo "Enter the file2 : "
read f2
cmp $f1 $f2  > /dev/null
if [ $? -eq 0 ] 
then
    echo "Success"
else
    echo "Failure"
fi


prog8.sh:-
==========
Accept a file name from the user

extract the first lines first word of the file 
   & store it in $a
extract the last lines first word of the file 
   & store it in $b

compare these two words and display appor message


prog9.sh:-
===========
Accept the filename from the user
display the first word 
display the last word


sample contents of my file:-
----------------------------
hello-world-of-unix-shell-bangalore

first word is = hello
last word is = bangalore


sol:

 echo "Enter the filename"
 read f1
 first=`cat $f1 | cut -d"-" -f1`
 n=`cat $f1 | tr "-"  " " | wc -w`
 last=`cat $f1 | cut -d"-" -f$n`

 echo "$first"
 echo "$last"

=============================================================
Diff ways of writing if-statement:-
====================================

1) if [ $a == $b ] ; then
       echo "same"
   else
       echo "diff"
   fi

2) if test $a = $b
   then
       echo "same"
   else
       echo "diff"
   fi
  

case statement:-
================
 echo "Enter your name : "
 read name

 # to extract the first char of the string
 res=`echo $name | cut -c1`

 case $res in
   [aeiouAEIOU])  echo "Vowel"       ;;
         *)  echo "Consonent"   ;;
 esac

sol:
 echo "Enter the filename"
 read fname
 char=`ls -ld $fname | cut -c1`

 case $char in
   -)  echo "ordinary file"  ;;
   d)  echo "directory file" ;;
   *)  echo "special file"   ;;
 esac

=============================================================
while loop:-
============
 i=1 
 while  [  $i  -le  6  ]
 do
   echo "$i"
   let i++
 done

prog10.sh:-
===========
str="abcdefghij"

display only the alternate char of the above string

a
c
e
g
i

sol:
 str='abcdefghijk'

 #count no of character in a STRING
 chars=`echo -n $str | wc -c`

 i=1  # START of the loop
 while [ $i -le $chars ]  # cond to stop the loop
 do
   echo "$str" | cut -c$i  # Extract the desired chars
   let i=i+2               # interval
 done


==============================================================
until loop:-
============
$?=1  # assum this

until [ $? -eq 0 ]
do
  sleep 60
  ping -c5 hostname > /dev/null
done

==============================================================
for loop:-
==========
ex1:
 for i  in  10 20 30 40 50
 do
   echo $i
 done

ex2:
 for i in `seq 1 10`
 do
   echo $i
 done


Input is:-
==========
 str='hello'

Output:-
========
 olleh

sol:
 str='hello'
 n=`echo -n "$str" | wc -c`
 for i in `seq $n -1 1`
 do
    echo "$str" | cut -c$i
 done  
==============================================================
for((i=0;i<=10;i++))
do 
  echo $i
done

==============================================================
sum=0
for i in   `cat sales.txt | cut -d"=" -f2`
do
  let sum=sum+i
done 
echo $sum

contents sales.txt
===================
north=40
south=32
east=89
west=67

Ans = 228

==============================================================
How to Compress the file :-
===========================
>> gzip filename.txt
it will compress the orginal file & rename the orginal 
file as filename.txt.gz

>> gunzip filename.txt.gz
it will de-compress the file

>> zcat  filename.txt.gz
display the contents of the compressed file


How to tar a directory:-
========================
create a tar file: tar -cvf  backup.tar  foldername
untar a file     : tar -xvf  backup.tar
list tar file    : tar -tvf  backup.tar

create a tgz file :  tar -gcvf backup.tgz  foldername 


Basic System Adminstration:-
============================
 Disk Related commands:-
 -----------------------
    du
    df
    fdisk -l
    swap
 
 User management:-
 ------------------
 1)   groupadd   developer
      groupdel
      groupmod

 2)   adduser -g developer   arun
 3)   deluser
 4)   moduser
 5)   #SET password to the user
      passwd  arun

 Network commands:-
 ------------------
   ifconfig
   netstat
   service  servicename  status


rpm:-
======
 to install an RPM :  rpm -ivh  package.rpm
 to query for avail:  rpm -q packagename
 to list all       :  rpm -qa

 to upgrade        :  rpm -Uvh  packagename.rpm
 to uninstall      :  rpm -e   packagename

yum:-
=====
 we need to have repository defined which contains
 all the RPM files/packages in that location

 yum install packagename
 yum upgrade packagename
 yum remove  pakagename
 yum list
 yum info

=============================================================

1)i have to search for a file in my file system
  which has a word "hello$" within file contents

  find  ~  -type f  -exec grep "hello\$" {}  \;
  find  ~  -type f  | xargs  grep "hello\$"

2) merge every two lines into one
   cat new.txt | xargs -l2

3) user inputs a username
   u have to display the his ID
                         homedir
                         default shell
 
  echo "Enter the username"
  read user

  cut -d":" -f1 /etc/passwd | grep -w "$user" 
  if [ $? -eq 0 ]
  then
      echo Valid user
  else
      echo Invalid user
  fi


to debug the shell scripts:-
-----------------------------
   bash -xv  script


Math operators:-
================
a=10
b=20

 1)  let c=a+b             # works only in ksh/bash

 2)  c=`expr $a + $b`      # works only in bash/sh

 3)  ((c=a+b))


=============================================================

Important Notes While Writing PLSQL Code

1. When you have a partition table, partition columns should not be null. Partition null columns cause an error.

2.When you want to drop a column from a big table, better use set column unuse instead of column drop.

ORA-25153 Temporary Tablespace is Empty Error in Oracle

When executing SQL query, sometimes you may get the following Oracle error:

ORA-25153: Temporary Tablespace is Empty

The cause for the ORA-25153 error is because attempt was made to use space in a temporary tablespace with no files (no datafiles defined).

To solve the problem, the solution is just by adding files (datafiles) to the TEMP tablespace by using ADD TEMPFILE command.

For more information go through below link

http://www.mydigitallife.info/ora-25153-temporary-tablespace-is-empty-error-in-oracle/

Learn HTML online with Online Editor

If anyone wants to learn HTML with the help of online line HTML editor, just go through below link. This website provides you simple examples along with online editor. Enjoy!!Happy Learning!!

http://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp

Tool To Translate English Into Indian Languages

If you want to translate English words into an Indian Languages then just go through below links:

http://www.quillpad.in

http://blog.dreamcss.com/tools/quillpad/